Poland What Role Does Art and Music Play in the Culture Poland

Pattern of human being activeness and symbolism associated with Poland and its people

The culture of Poland (Polish: Kultura polska) is the production of its geography and distinct historical evolution, which is closely connected to an intricate chiliad-year history.^[one] Smooth civilization forms an important part of western civilization and the western world, with significant contributions to fine art, music, philosophy, mathematics, science, politics and literature.

Its unique character developed as a result of its geography at the confluence of various European regions. Information technology is theorised and speculated that ethnic Poles and the other Lechites (Kashubians and Silesians) are the combination of descendants of West Slavs and people indigenous to the region including Celts, Balts and Germanic tribes which were gradually Polonized after Poland'southward Christianization past the Catholic Church in the 10th century. Over fourth dimension Shine culture has been profoundly influenced by its interweaving ties with the Germanic, Baltic, Latinate and to a bottom extent; Byzantine and Ottoman cultures as well as in continual dialog with the many other ethnic groups and minorities living in Poland.^[2]

The people of Poland take traditionally been seen as hospitable to artists from away and eager to follow cultural and artistic trends pop in other countries. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Polish focus on cultural advancement often took precedence over political and economic activity. These factors have contributed to the versatile nature of Polish art, with all its circuitous nuances.^[two] Present, Poland is a highly adult country that retains its traditions.

The term which defines an private's appreciation of Shine culture and customs is Polonophilia.

History [edit]

Smooth pavilion including its artworks represents the culture of Poland, an example of art déco architecture (by Józef Czajkowski) at International Exhibition of Mod Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris (1925). The edifice was awarded Chiliad Prix in Paris.^[three]

Cultural history of Poland can exist traced back to the Eye Ages. In its entirety, it tin exist divided into the following historical, philosophical artistic periods: Civilization of medieval Poland (from the late tenth to tardily 15th century), Renaissance (late 15th to the late 16th century), Baroque (late 16th to the mid-18th century), Enlightenment (second one-half of the 18th century), Romanticism (from around 1820 until the suppression of the 1863 January insurgence against the Russian Empire), Positivism (lasting until the turn of the 20th century), Young Poland (between 1890 and 1918), Interbellum (1918–1939), World War Ii (1939–1945), People'south Commonwealth of Poland (until the 1989 Autumn of Nations), and Modernistic.

Language [edit]

Smoothen (język polski, polszczyzna) is a language of the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages (likewise spelled Lechitic) composed of Shine, Kashubian, Silesian and its archaic variant Slovincian, and the extinct Polabian linguistic communication. All these languages except Shine are sometimes classified every bit a Pomeranian subgroup. The West Slavic Languages are a subfamily of the Slavic Languages, a descendant of the Indo-European Languages. In the early Centre Ages, before their speakers had get Germanized, Pomeranian languages and dialects were spoken along the Baltic in an area extending from the lower Vistula River to the lower Oder River." used throughout Poland (existence that land's official language) and past Polish minorities in other countries. Its written standard is the Smooth alphabet, which corresponds to the Latin alphabet with several additions. Despite the pressure of non-Polish administrations in Poland, who have often attempted to suppress the Smoothen language,^{[ citation needed ]} a rich literature has developed over the centuries. The language is currently the largest, in speakers, of the West Slavic grouping. It is the second most widely spoken Slavic language, afterwards Russian and ahead of Ukrainian. Shine is mainly spoken in Poland. Poland is one of the virtually linguistically homogeneous European countries; well-nigh 97% of Poland'south citizens declare Shine every bit their mother tongue.

Philosophy [edit]

Polish philosophy drew upon the broader currents of European philosophy, and in turn contributed to their growth. Among the nigh momentous Polish contributions were made, in the 13th century, by the Scholastic philosopher and scientist Vitello, by Paweł Włodkowic—in early 15th and, by the Renaissance polymath Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century.^[4]

Subsequently, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth partook in the intellectual ferment of the Enlightenment, which for the multi-indigenous Democracy ended not long after the partitions and political annihilation that would final for the next 123 years, until the collapse of the 3 partitioning empires in World War I.

The menstruum of Messianism, between the November 1830 and Jan 1863 Uprisings, reflected European Romantic and Idealist trends, also as a Polish yearning for political resurrection. It was a period of maximalist metaphysical systems.

The collapse of the Jan 1863 Uprising prompted an agonising reappraisal of Poland's situation. Poles gave up their before practice of "measuring their goals by their aspirations" (Adam Mickiewicz) and buckled down to hard piece of work and report. "[A] Positivist," wrote the novelist Bolesław Prus'due south friend, Julian Ochorowicz, was "anyone who bases assertions on verifiable prove; who does non limited himself categorically well-nigh hundred-to-one things, and does not speak at all about those that are inaccessible."^[5]

The 20th century brought a new quickening to Polish philosophy. There was growing interest in western philosophical currents. Rigorously trained Shine philosophers made substantial contributions to specialized fields—to psychology, the history of philosophy, the theory of knowledge, and specially mathematical logic.^[6] Jan Łukasiewicz gained world fame with his concept of many-valued logic and his "Polish note."^[7] Alfred Tarski'south work in truth theory won him world renown.^[8]

After World State of war Ii, for over four decades, earth-class Polish philosophers and historians of philosophy such as Władysław Tatarkiewicz continued their work, frequently in the face of adversities occasioned by the authorisation of a politically enforced official philosophy. The phenomenologist Roman Ingarden did influential work in esthetics and in a Husserl-style metaphysics; his student Karol Wojtyła owned a unique influence on the world phase as Pope John Paul II.

Leading shine philosophers

Cuisine [edit]

Polish foods include kiełbasa, pierogi (filled with meat, potatoes, cabbage, cheese or holiday fruits), pyzy (meat-filled dough balls), kopytka, gołąbki (meat and rice stuffed cabbage), śledzie (herring), bigos, schabowy, oscypek and much more. Traditionally, food such as soups flaki, rosół, zupa ogórkowa, zupa grzybowa (mushroom soup), żurek, zupa pomidorowa (love apple soup) take been prepared in big vessels intended for groups, often necessitating the use of devices such as oars in their preparation. Traditionally, hospitality is very important.

In the Middle Ages, as the cities of Poland grew larger in size and the nutrient markets developed, the culinary exchange of ideas progressed & people got acquainted with new dishes and recipes. Some regions became well known for the type of sausage they made and many sausages of today withal carry those original names. The peasants best-selling their honorable judgment, allowing them to maintain nourished for longer periods of time.

The most important drink is vodka. The outset known written mention of the drink was in 1405 in Akta Grodzkie,^[9] the courtroom documents from the Palatinate of Sandomierz in Poland.^[9] At the time, the word vodka (wódka), referred to chemical compounds such as medicines and cosmetics' cleansers, while the popular drinkable was called gorzałka (from the Former Shine gorzeć meaning to burn), which is likewise the source of Ukrainian horilka (горілка). The give-and-take vodka written in Cyrillic appeared offset in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drinkable brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of Kievan Rus'.^[9]

Co-ordinate to a 2009 Ernst & Young report, Poland is Europe'south tertiary largest beer producer: Germany with 103 million hectolitres, UK with 49.5 million hl, Poland with 36.9 meg hl. Following consecutive growth in the dwelling market, Polish Spousal relationship of the Brewing Industry Employers (Związek Pracodawców Przemysłu Piwowarskiego), which represents approximately xc% of the Polish beer market place, announced during the almanac brewing industry briefing that consumption of beer in 2008 rose to 94 litres per capita, or 35,624 million hectolitres sold on domestic market. Statistically, a Polish consumer drinks some 92 litres of beer a twelvemonth, which places information technology a third backside Frg. Drinking beer every bit a basic potable was typical during the Centre Ages. Wine is recently becoming more than popular. In fact, Polish mead, a dear wine was a traditional drink dating dorsum as well to the Middle Ages.

Soft drinks include "napoje gazowane" (carbonated drinks), "napoje bezalkoholowe" (non-alcoholic drinks) like water, tea, juice, coffee or kompot. Kompot is a non-alcoholic beverage fabricated of boiled fruit, optionally with carbohydrate and spices (clove or cinnamon), served hot or cold. It can be made of i blazon of fruit or a mixture, including apples, peaches, pears, strawberries or sour cherries. Also, Susz is type of kompot made with dried fruits, most commonly apples, apricots, figs. Traditionally served on Christmas Eve.

Amid holiday meals, there is a traditional Christmas Eve supper called Wigilia. Another special occasion is Fat Thursday ("Tłusty Czwartek"), a Catholic feast celebrated on the final Th earlier the Lent. Traditionally it is a day when people eat big amounts of sweets and cakes that are subsequently forbidden until Easter day (see likewise: the Smooth traditional Easter Breakfast).

Traditional Polish kitchen

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  Medieval kitchen from the 14th century

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  Mead Kurpiowski Dwójniak

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  Polish spoons from the 16th century

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  A plateful of traditional Christmas Eve Pierogi

Architecture [edit]

Sukiennice (cloth-hall), with medieval Kraków ratusz (city-hall) tower at left

Shine cities and towns reverberate the whole spectrum of European styles. Poland'due south (forth with Hungary's) eastern frontiers used to mark the outermost purlieus of the influences of Western architecture on the continent.

History has not been good to Poland'southward architectural monuments. Even so, ancient structures have survived: castles, churches, and stately buildings, often unique in the regional or European context. Some of them accept been painstakingly restored, like Wawel Castle, or completely reconstructed after being destroyed in the Second World War, including the Old Boondocks and Royal Castle in Warsaw, as well as the Quondam Towns of Gdańsk and Wrocław.

The architecture of Gdańsk is generally Hanseatic, mutual in cities along the Baltic Body of water and in the northern role of Central Europe. The architectural style of Wrocław is representative of German architecture, since it was a office of the German states for centuries. The center of Kazimierz Dolny on the Vistula is a proficient example of a well-preserved medieval town, also local variation of Renaissance architecture has been developed chosen Lublin Renaissance information technology has preserved in Lublin as Lublin Former Town and Erstwhile City of Zamość in Zamość. Poland'south ancient capital, Kraków, ranks among the best-preserved Gothic and Renaissance urban complexes in Europe. Meanwhile, the legacy of the Kresy Marchlands of Poland'due south eastern regions with Wilno and Lwów (at present Vilnius and Lviv) equally two major centres for the arts played a special role in these developments with Roman-Cosmic church architecture deserving special attention.^[2] In Vilnius (Lithuania) there are about forty bizarre and Renaissance churches. In Lviv (Ukraine) there are Gothic, Renaissance, and bizarre urban churches with influences of the orthodox and Armenian church.

Ane of the best-preserved examples of the Modernist architecture in Europe is located in Katowice, Upper Silesia, designed and congenital in the 1930s. Interesting buildings were also constructed during the Communist era in the way of Socialist Realism; some remarkable examples of mod architecture were erected more recently.

Art [edit]

Polish art has always reflected European trends while maintaining its unique graphic symbol. The Kraków school of Historicist painting developed by Jan Matejko produced monumental portrayals of customs and significant events in Smoothen history. Stanisław Witkiewicz was an ardent supporter of Realism in Polish art, its main representative being Jozef Chełmoński.

The Młoda Polska (Young Poland) movement witnessed the birth of modern Polish art and engaged in a great deal of formal experimentation led by Jacek Malczewski (Symbolism), Stanisław Wyspiański, Józef Mehoffer, and a group of Polish Impressionists. Artists of the 20th century Avant-garde represented various schools and trends. The art of Tadeusz Makowski was influenced by Cubism; while Władysław Strzemiński and Henryk Stażewski worked inside the Constructivist idiom. Distinguished gimmicky artists include Monika Sosnowska, Roman Opałka, Leon Tarasewicz, Jerzy Nowosielski, Mirosław Bałka, and Katarzyna Kozyra and Alicja Kwade in the younger generation. The about celebrated Smooth sculptors include Xawery Dunikowski, Katarzyna Kobro, Alina Szapocznikow and Magdalena Abakanowicz. Since the inter-state of war years, Polish fine art and documentary photography has enjoyed worldwide recognition. In the 1960s, the Polish Poster School was formed, with Henryk Tomaszewski and Waldemar Świerzy at its caput.^[2]

Music [edit]

Artists from Poland, including famous composers like Karol Lipiński, Frédéric Chopin or Witold Lutosławski and traditional, regionalised folk musicians, create a lively and diverse music scene, which even recognizes its own music genres, such as sung poetry. Today in Poland, nosotros can discover trance, techno, firm music, and heavy metal.

The origin of Polish music tin be traced as far back as the 13th century, from which manuscripts have been establish in Stary Sącz, containing polyphonic compositions related to the Parisian Notre Dame Schoolhouse. Other early on compositions, such as the melody of Bogurodzica, may as well date dorsum to this period. The starting time known notable composer, however, Mikołaj z Radomia, lived in the 15th century. The melody of Bóg się rodzi by an unknown composer was a coronation polonaise for Polish kings.

During the 16th century, mostly 2 musical groups – both based in Kraków and belonging to the Male monarch and Archbishop of Wawel – led the rapid innovation of Polish music. Composers writing during this period include Wacław z Szamotuł, Mikołaj Zieleński, and Mikołaj Gomółka. Diomedes Cato, a native-born Italian who lived in Kraków from virtually the historic period of five, became one of the about famous lutenists at the court of Sigismund Iii. He imported some of the musical styles from southern Europe and blended them with native folk music.^[ten]

Among the best classical modern composers are Polish musicians Grażyna Bacewicz, Witold Lutosławski, Krzysztof Penderecki and Henryk Górecki.

The Polish world renown virtuosos of classical music of all time include composers Karol Lipiński, Artur Rubinstein, Ignacy Paderewski, Mieczysław Horszowski, Grażyna Bacewicz, Wanda Wilkomirska and Krystian Zimerman.

Jazz musician Krzysztof Komeda was known later on WWII especially for his film soundtracks, including film directed past Roman Polański, just besides for his 1966 album Astigmatic.

Poland has i of the strongest and all-time-respected electronic dance music (EDM) scenes in Europe. One of the biggest tape labels of EDM in Poland is Empire Records. The death metal ring Vader is considered the almost successful Polish Metal act and have gained commercial and critical praise internationally. Their career spans more than three decades with many international tours. They are often seen as a huge inspiration on modernistic Decease Metal. Behemoth and Decapitated accept found significant success within and outside Poland. Both have toured extensively across Europe, America and, in the case of Decapitated, accept recently toured Commonwealth of australia and New Zealand. Recently Indukti, Hate, Trauma, Crionics, Lost Soul and Lux Occulta have started to become well known exterior of Poland. In that location is also an agile grindcore, and a vigorous blackness metals scenes too, the later led by Graveland, Darzamat, Kataxu, Infernal War and Vesania.

Leading classical composers

Literature [edit]

Since the inflow of Christianity and the subsequent access to Western European civilisation, Poles adult a pregnant literary production in Latin. Conspicuous authors of the Heart Ages are among others Gallus Anonymus, Wincenty Kadłubek and January Długosz, an author of the monumental work on the history of Poland. With the inflow of the Renaissance, Poles came nether the influence of the artistic patterns of the humanistic mode, actively participating in the European issues of that time with their Latin works.

The origins of Smoothen literature written in Smoothen go back beyond the 14th century. In the 16th century the poetic works of January Kochanowski established him equally a leading representative of European Renaissance literature. Baroque and Neo-Classicist belle messages fabricated a significant contribution to the cementing of Poland'south peoples of many cultural backgrounds. The early on 19th century novel "Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse" past Count Jan Potocki, which survived in its Polish translation after the loss of the original in French, became a world classic. Wojciech Has'south motion-picture show based on it, a favourite of Luis Buñuel, later became a cult film on academy campuses. Poland'southward great Romantic literature flourished in the 19th century when the country had lost its independence. The poets Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki and Zygmunt Krasiński, the "Three Bards", became the spiritual leaders of a nation deprived of its sovereignty, and prophesied its revival. The novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, who won the Nobel Prize in 1905, eulogised the historical tradition. It is difficult to grasp fully the detailed tradition of Polish Romanticism and its consequences for Polish literature without a thorough noesis of Polish history.^[two]

In the early 20th century, many outstanding Polish literary works emerged from the new cultural exchange and Avant-Garde experimentation. The legacy of the Kresy marshlands of Poland'due south eastern regions with Wilno and Lwów (now Vilnius and Lviv) as two major centres for the arts, played a special role in these developments. This was also a region in which Jewish tradition and the mystic movement of Hasidism thrived. The Kresy were a cultural trysting-identify for numerous indigenous and national groups whose achievements were inspiring each other. The works of Bruno Schulz, Bolesław Leśmian, and Józef Czechowicz were written there. In the south of Poland, Zakopane was the birthplace of the avant-garde works of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (Witkacy). And, final but not least, Władysław Reymont was awarded the 1924 Nobel prize in literature for his novel Chłopi (The Peasants).

Later on the 2nd World War, many Smooth writers found themselves in exile, with many of them clustered around the Paris-based "Kultura" publishing venture run by Jerzy Giedroyc. The group of emigre writers included Witold Gombrowicz, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Czesław Miłosz, and Sławomir Mrożek.

Zbigniew Herbert, Tadeusz Różewicz, Czesław Miłosz, and Wisława Szymborska are among the most outstanding 20th century Smoothen poets, including novelists and playwrights Witold Gombrowicz, Sławomir Mrożek, and Stanisław Lem (science fiction). The long list includes Hanna Krall whose piece of work focuses mainly on the state of war-time Jewish feel, and Ryszard Kapuściński with books translated into many languages.

Leading polish writers and poets

Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916)	Władysław Reymont (1865–1925)	Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902–1991)	Czesław Miłosz (1911–2004)	Wisława Szymborska (1923–2012)	Olga Tokarczuk (1962–)

See as well [edit]

• Religion in Poland
• Education in Poland
• Polish comics
• Timeline of Polish science and applied science
• Economy of Poland
• Politics of Poland
  • Foreign relations of Poland
• Tourism in Poland
  • 7 Wonders of Poland
  • World Heritage Sites of Poland
• Sport in Poland
• National costumes of Poland
  • Category:Shine article of clothing
• Category:Polish traditions
  • Smoothen folk dances
  • Wigilia
  • Pasterka
  • Święconka
  • Pisanka (Smoothen)
  • Easter Monday
  • Fat Thursday
  • Name days in Poland
  • Studniówka
  • Juwenalia
  • Zaduszki

Gallery [edit]

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References [edit]

1. ^ Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way: A Thousand Year History of the Poles and Their Culture. Published 1993, Hippocrene Books, Poland, ISBN 0-7818-0200-viii
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland, 2002–2007, An Overview of Polish Culture. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
3. ^ "Pawilony polskie".
4. ^ Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Zarys dziejów filozofii west Polsce (A Cursory History of Philosophy in Poland), p. 32.
5. ^ Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Historia filozofii (History of Philosophy), vol. 3, p. 177.
6. ^ Tatarkiewicz, Zarys..., p. 32.
7. ^ Kazimierz Kuratowski, A One-half Century of Smoothen Mathematics, pp. 23–24, 33.
8. ^ Kazimierz Kuratowski, A Half Century of Smoothen Mathematics, p. thirty and passim.
9. ^ ^{a b c} "History of vodka production, at the official page of Smooth Spirit Industry Clan (KRPS), 2007". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
10. ^ "The Music Courts of the Polish Vasas" (PDF). world wide web.semper.pl. p. 244. Retrieved 2009-05-13 . ^{[ dead link ]}

External links [edit]

• Looking at Poland'south History Through the Prism of Fine art
• Polonia Music The globe of Smooth heritage music!
• Smoothen Fine art Centre A Treasury of Shine Heritage
• Pigasus Gallery Polish Affiche, Music & Film
• Ophidian.pl Albums from genre folk/ethno
• Read more about Shine culture at Civilization.pl – the online mag promoting Shine civilization abroad, run by the Adam Mickiewicz Institute

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Poland

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